Nightingale and the Rose free essay sample

â€Å"The Nightingale and the Rose† by Oscar Wilde Situational Irony is apparent in â€Å"The Nightingale and the Rose†. The result of the story is a long way from what perusers anticipate. In the first place, the perusers would expect that there is in reality genuine romance between the understudy and the Professor’s little girl and that the toward the finish of a story lies a glad closure for the two. From the prologue to nearly the finish of the story (with the exception of the last 6 sections from 57-62), the creator attempts to build up that the story is about genuine romance getting it, discovering it, and yielding to get it. From section 3, the understudy gives us the feeling that he has a more profound understanding or significance for genuine bliss, he imagines that satisfaction must not rely upon such a seemingly insignificant detail like a solitary red rose. Besides in passages 5, 7 and 37, we perceive how the student’s life appears to rotate around the Professor’s girl. More than anything, he needs to locate this red rose that will permit him to impart a move to this young lady and have the option to affirm his â€Å"true love† for her in light of the fact that not having the option to do so will make him extremely upset [#57: â€Å"But there is no red rose in my nursery, so I will sit desolate and she will cruise me by. She will have no notice of me, and my heart will break† and he flung himself down on the grass and covered his face in his grasp, and wept]. Be that as it may, there is an incredible incongruity holding up toward the finish of the story. As we are given expectation that the outlandish may be conceivable when the understudy can get a red rose, suddenly, as he offers it to the young lady, they despite everything don't share a sentimental second together. Or maybe, the young lady appears to be apathetic [paragraphs 57-60], saying that she wouldn’t go the ball since she doesn’t like her dress and not in any event, demonstrating the littlest thankfulness for the red rose she mentioned. In these equivalent sections, we additionally perceive how she truly has a materialistic view on â€Å"love†. She loved the red rose since it was a bloom that made certain to cost a ton yet she loses enthusiasm for it when she gets genuine gems that cost more than the blossom. In passages 59-62, we likewise observe an incredible change in the understudy who was as far as anyone knows had profound affections for the young lady and who was relied upon to battle for his adoration. Anyway at long last, after he hears what the young lady had stated, he just snaps, tosses the red rose he had given so much time inding, effectively gets over the young lady he â€Å"loved† and sulked about and out of nowhere gives an alternate view on adoration [#6162: â€Å"what a senseless thing love is. It isn't half as helpful as rationale. † So he comes back to his room, pulled out an incredible dusty book and started to read]. â€Å"The Nightingale and the Rose† drives the pe rusers to ponder genuine romance and there is in reality such an unbelievable marvel as genuine affection be that as it may, as we read further, we understand that as we were anticipating an account of genuine affection and bliss, incidentally, we really get an account of pathetic love and materialistic joy. As clarified, the alleged â€Å"love† between the understudy and the young lady ends up being simply fixation, a shallow love dependent on materialistic joy. Also, the story’s incongruity lies on the connection between the songbird and the understudy. All through the story, we perceive how the songbird believes that she is at last having the option to observe genuine affection and does everything she can to support the understudy and his fantasy young lady have their glad closure. She is unified with the distress that the understudy feels attempts to locate the red rose that will be the alleged key to the satisfaction of the two individuals [paragraph 6, 13-29]. This songbird likewise consents to forfeit his life for what she sees is â€Å"true love† between the understudy and the professor’s little girl [#31: â€Å"Death is an extraordinary cost to pay for a red rose and life is of high repute to all†¦Yet love is superior to life, and what is the core of a winged creature contrasted with the core of a man? †]. One incongruity here is that we can't help thinking that the main character that gives unadulterated and unqualified love in the story is the songbird. She was prepared to surrender her life for the student’s rose. It is very interesting to see that the one character that truly shows genuine romance isn't reimbursed even a tiny smidgen. The winged animal surrenders his life but the understudy doesn’t even notification its dead body lying in the long grass nor does he know how much the fledgling needed to languish over that solitary rose which he will just at long last toss. Another incongruity is that the songbird forfeits his life for adoration and joy, which goes up to be pointless and shallow [#34: â€Å"be upbeat; you will have your red rose. I will construct it out of music by evening glow and stain it with my own heart’s-blood. All I ask of you consequently is that you will be a genuine darling, for affection is smarter than Philosophy and mightier than power]. We likewise observe the incongruity in that precise line, the songbird expects that the understudy will acknowledge, comprehend and organize love above whatever else yet toward the finish of the story, the specific inverse occurs. What the songbird didn't wish to occur, occurred. Force and Philosophy triumphed over affection. [#60: â€Å"who right? Just an understudy. Why I don’t trust you even got silver clasps on your shoes like the Chamberlains’ nephew has] [#61: â€Å"What a senseless thing love is†¦ truth be told, it is very strange, and as in this age to be handy is everything. I will return to examining Philosophy and study mysticism. †]. Oscar Wilde unquestionably gives another perspective on affection. What may appear as genuine affection may end up being only narrow minded want that blinds individuals based on what is genuine. This was seen in â€Å"The songbird and the rose†, the story gives the perusers the hopeful feel that a genuine romance will grow however toward the finish of the story, we see that all things considered, this isn’t how life and love consistently turns up. Not every person winds up in a fantasy like that of excellence and the brute..

Just Take Away Their Guns

In Willow's paper about weapon control, the attention is on making sense of an approach to expel Illegal firearms from the road, and posse individuals to forestall more passings of blameless individuals. Wilson spotlight's on how adding more limitations with respect to buying a weapon won't stop the mass homicides, or even Illegal firearms. So it is trivial to Increase the measure of firearm control with regards to buying weapons legally.Although Wilson Is for less weapon control, he does an excellent Job of communicating each side of the contentions defects, even his own. I for one don't see the requirement for firearms In the home f Americans, however I won't be the individual who Insists on evacuating all weapons, when I comprehend those that were gotten lawfully just use them for recreational use, not to murder and slaughter Innocent individuals. Be that as it may, something needs to be done about the Illegal firearms, however the recommendations that Wilson makes In his article, are certain that they will never be come laws.He Is clearly making jokes about the weapon control advocates by proposing individuals strolling down the road who fit the profile of somebody who conveys an illicit firearm, be looked. It's an over the top thought, and also unlawful to profile anybody, in view of looks alone. Obviously, Willow's proposals are not genuine thoughts, however I think he is offering these remarks to demonstrate the American individuals, particularly firearm control advocates its not as basic or dark and white.Eliminating weapons is just going to influence individuals who get them lawfully, not the individuals who get them unlawfully, so by what means will that forestall less homicides? There is anything but a basic answer and I get that, I wish there was so the measure of individuals whom, starting at of late, appear to get murdered in mass shooting are enduring at the cost of unlawful guns. Its disastrous and I concur, yet I do not have the capacity to loc ate a superior arrangement. Simply Take Away Their Guns In Willow's article about weapon control, the emphasis is on making sense of an approach to expel Illegal firearms from the road, and pack individuals to forestall more passings of blameless individuals. Wilson spotlight's on how adding more limitations with respect to buying a weapon won't stop the mass homicides, or even Illegal firearms. So it is inconsequential to Increase the measure of weapon control with regards to buying firearms legally.Although Wilson Is for less weapon control, he does a generally excellent Job of communicating each side of the contentions imperfections, even his own. I for one don't see the requirement for weapons In the home f Americans, however I won't be the individual who Insists on expelling all firearms, when I comprehend those that were acquired lawfully just use them for recreational use, not to murder and slaughter Innocent individuals. In any case, something needs to be done about the Illegal firearms, yet the proposals that Wilson makes In his exposition, are certain that they will never be come laws.He Is clearly making jokes about the weapon control advocates by recommending individuals strolling down the road who fit the profile of somebody who conveys an illicit weapon, be looked. It's an incredible thought, and also unlawful to profile anybody, in light of looks alone. Unmistakably, Willow's recommendations are not authentic thoughts, however I think he is offering these remarks to demonstrate the American individuals, particularly firearm control advocates its not as straightforward or dark and white.Eliminating weapons is just going to influence individuals who get them legitimately, not the individuals who get them illicitly, so in what manner will that forestall less homicides? There is certainly not a basic answer and I get that, I wish there was so the measure of individuals whom, starting at of late, appear to get executed in mass shooting are enduring at the cost of unlawful guns. Its heartbreaking and I conc ur, yet I do not have the capacity to locate a superior arrangement.

Woman History Class Chapter Outlines Example

Woman History Class Chapter Outlines Example Woman History Class: Chapter Outlines â€" Essay Example > Chapter Outline of Nancy F. Cott’s, “Equal Rights and Economic Roles” Keber and DeHart, 379-89The author’s main argument was that, it was better for women to break free from the concessions accorded by the laws of sex-based protectionism, thereby ensuring themselves the widest choice of opportunities on the labor market. However, this vision in the 1920s did not come without a conflict of ideas, as it required redefining the very basic meaning of feminism â€" whether is meant a unique position for themselves as different from men, or it meant removal of subjugation of all sorts, and claiming equal rights in all aspects and reorient their thinking focusing on women’s definition of rights rather than male definition of rights. The author has supported the concept of removing all forms of discrimination, which will enable women to claim equal rights as men in all walks of life. The supporters of sex-based protective legislation failed to see the need to challenge the divisi on of labor on gendered grounds, which was the root cause of discrimination. The protective laws also seemed to discourage women from taking up employment, and therefore nourished apprehensions against employing them. The author has quoted very little statistical evidence to validate the claims of either side. A few more statistical figures for both sides would have helped the readers arrive at their own decisions, as to which side had been preferred by the women of the period. The Key Terms are: 1) ERA or Equal Rights Amendment proposal by NWP 2) National Women’s Party and 3) LWA or the League of Women Voters. Equal Rights Amendment was first proposed by the National Women’s Party, headed by Alice Paul. Shortly after the 19th Amendment in 1920, the NWP started rethinking their stand on the issue of the sex-based state regulation. Though they had avidly fought for it earlier, some factions within the NWP felt that it was hampering women workers opportunities in the labor marke t. Other women leaders led by the League of Women’s Voters which was actually a daughter movement of the National American Woman Suffrage Association were calling for an elimination of the sex-discrimination in the law. However, the tables turned and under the guidance of Gail Laughlin it no longer supported sex-based legislation. With the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments in 1923, the NWP advocated “equal rights” that did away with any discrimination between male and females so as to ensure a wider scope of job opportunities for women. However, it met with bitter opposition from various sections of women trade unionists like Pauline Newman and Dr. Alice Hamilton, and a former factory worker Mary Anderson. Critical Thinking QuestionsWhat were the principle points on which the ERA of NWP was opposed by sex-based legislation supporters? What gave credence to their arguments? How did the perception of the view that NWP’s views reflected only those of the privileged women of the dominant community contribute to the defeat of the equal rights proposal? Chapter Outline of Valerie Matsumoto’s, “Japanese American Women during World War II” Keber and DeHart, 459-65

Compensation Plans Targeting Incentives Essay - 570 Words

Incentive based compensation plans are one of the most conversed topics organizations that have been dealing with for quite some time. There have been several philosophies, formulas, and plans used but in the end, each type of plan has created unfavorable and optimistic results. The questions have always been whether the positive that comes from incentives plans are worth the challenges they create. In examining some of the plans that offer individuals, team based, and long-term incentives, they all vary in different ways that they are applicable, administered and designed, and beneficial to the organization’s objectives. Individual Plan The Balanced scorecard plan could be a feasible option for an individual plan for a General Manager for†¦show more content†¦Team Plan The team plan for Bosch Rexroth Customer Services Representatives (CSR) have conditions ideal for a cash profit sharing plan. The CSR teams long-term team of employees that have a stake in the company’s success and the group have very little turnover in the positions. The employees at times harbor resentment with each because the phone systems are not properly setup so that everyone is covering the phone with customers and able to perform other duties. They are frontline employees who interact with the costumer daily, which adds value to the organization. They process and place orders for the customers, plan shipping dates, and act as a point of contact for all ordering for company. The cash profit sharing plan can promote strong customer focus and reinforce the company goals. This plan has the potential to maintain limited turnover, increase productivity but expand knowledge and create a team environment. The plan can function to create best practices from associates, often e mployees have creative ideals and innovations that go undeveloped, and under this plan, they can earn compensation for them, which will also promote creativity. Long-Term Incentive Plan Long-term incentives promote organizational growth over an extended period of time and direct employee performance that helps facilitate this growth. Its purpose is to influence employee behavior that is conducive with establishing tenure, accountability, and an ownership mentality. TheShow MoreRelatedArck Systems Case Analysis Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pagesissues that arose with different compensation packages for each company’s sales team. In my analysis, I will address the intended and unintended consequences of incentive compensation plans. Finally, I will offer my recommendations to Arck Systems. Background Arck Systems Arck Systems was a medium-sized manufacturer of network computers used by many corporations to manage data. Customers used the serves to run software that helped them manage finances, compensation benefits and customer accountsRead MoreBarilla SpA1447 Words   |  6 Pagesinstead provide us the demand information from the retail store locations. Using the data from the retail store orders, we can determine the optimum schedule upon which to base our production and distribution plans. This will eliminate demand fluctuation and the current lack of ability to plan. We will determine the replenishment orders for the distributors, offering them an additional value added service and minimizing stock outs. The benefits of the JITD system include reduced manufacturing costsRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Kay And Kay Ash1262 Words   |  6 Pagesproducts and earn compensation for recruiting members from the corporation and not the recruits themselves. That approach makes the company a legitimate multilevel marketing organization, and SaaS marketers, salespeople and organizations can learn a great deal from Mary Kay s operating methods. Top Strategies Your SaaS Staff Can Borrow from Mary Kay Mary Kay developed effective sales techniques by using group pressure, social selling, multilevel marketing models, special incentives and freedom toRead MoreCms Policies Push Alternative Medicare Payment Models900 Words   |  4 Pages1) CMS policies push alternative Medicare payment models CMS has launched many new bundled payment plans which extend the hospital’s responsibility for care and cost outside of the inpatient stay itself. However, hospitals have been reluctant to sign on for down-side risk. They are risk-averse due to their lack of experience, knowledge, and capabilities that would enable them to successfully own the cost of their population, and this is a gap that Medtronic can address. This fundamental transformationRead MoreIssues Regarding Corporate Governance Of Companies1502 Words   |  7 Pagesbranch of governance is the extent to which executives gain compensation. This may or may not reflect their performance or be within the best interests of their shareholders; who are the owners of the company. Since the formation of the limited company, whereby management is separated from ownership an agency problem has emerged, as executives and other directors’ aims may not be in line with shareholders’ interests. Different compensation schemes may more effectively tie in an executives motivesRead MoreHuman Resource Management : Final Project1545 Words   |  7 Pagescompetitive with other employers. Some of the more common competitive factors are things like salary, bonus programs, paid time off, 401k, health insurance including vision and dental plans. It’s important to be in the same ballpark as other competitors in a similar market when it comes to these types of benefit and compensation packages. Other equally important factors in attracting talent are being able to offer employees a healthy work life balance as well as a career development program. According toRead MoreBe Own Products And Services1416 Words   |  6 Pagesits own products and services to enhance the total compensation for its employees. Bean maintained a philosophy that if the employees were passionate about the company and the outdoors, then the customers would also be. Profit sharing with employees was a foundational belief of Bean, and employees were greatly rewarded when the company performed and exceeded expectations. A few of the products and services that Bean used to enhance total compensation for employees included profit sharing, employee discountsRead MoreMarketing Plan: Channels of Distribution1430 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Plan Channels of Distribution The basic channels of distribution will involve selling the i Phone 5 using online and traditional approaches. This means that there will be a sales force, which will market the product through to different segments of consumers. For example, one possible strategy is for the company to mirror the approach that they are using in North America. This is when Apple will sign selling agreements with different carriers and retail outlets (such as electronicsRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Adidas Group1347 Words   |  6 Pagesstatement of Adidas Group states that the company identifies as its strongest consumer market the 20- to 29-year-old age group, who are involved with sports somehow; either athletes or people that just enjoy doing sports. Also, Adidas is focused on targeting and strengthening its brand with the next generation of athletes in the 14- to 19-year-old age group because this group may be considered as one of the most influential consumer group in the market. Now, as was previously stated, Adidas has a strongRead MoreCompensating Sales Force6663 Words   |  27 PagesCOMPENSATING SALES FORCE Sales is one of the few jobs where you earn your money – every day. COMPENSATION IS MORE THAN MONEY Any type of sales organization can reward sales performance in three fundamental and interrelated ways: 1. Direct financial rewards. 2. Career advancement and personal development opportunities. 3. Nonfinancial compensation. Why is it important? †¢ Sales activities are the life blood of most business †¢ Most misunderstood aspects of running a business †¢ Tricky

empiricism Essay - 1554 Words

Empiricism Empiricism by nature is the belief that there is no knowledge without experience. How can one know what something tastes like if they have never tasted it? For example, would someone know that an apple is red if they have never actually have seen one. Someone can tell you an apple is red, but, if you never have seen one, can you really be sure? Empiricists use three anchor points in which they derive their opinions from. The first of these points is; the only source of genuine knowledge is sense experience. An easier way to understand this is to compare the mind to a clean sponge. As the sponge touches things, it takes with it, a piece of everything it touches. Without this, the sponge would remain clean and be void of anything†¦show more content†¦Another of the classic empiricists is George Berkeley (1685-1753), who believes that knowledge is possible. He believed that â€Å"it was only through experience and not reason that we have knowledge of reality† (p.99). The best way to describe what Berkeley was trying to say would be found in what we call today idealism. Idealism by definition is a position that maintains that ultimate reality is mental or spiritual in nature. He believed that reality is made up in many individual minds rather than one cosmic mind. Hence, when Berkeley says that we have an idea o f something he is not necessarily referring to a particular concept but to the experience of our memory of the combined ideas. The third empiricist is David Hume (1711-1776) and he does not answer this question as easily as the first two have. He believes that knowledge is possible but is limited by what we cannot know about the world outside of our own experience. Since we can only know the contents of our individual minds, knowledge would and can be different for each person. Hume believes that sensory data is key for any individual in order to know something is real. For example, if two people were sitting together, one possessing the ability to see and hear and the other does not, could the one the latter really know that a car drove by and that fact that it was red? Examples like this one are why HumeShow MoreRelatedEmpiricism and Experience1575 Words   |  7 PagesEmpiricism Empiricism by nature is the belief that there is no knowledge without experience. How can one know what something tastes like if they have never tasted it? For example, would someone know that an apple is red if they have never actually have seen one. Someone can tell you an apple is red, but, if you never have seen one, can you really be sure? Empiricists use three anchor points in which they derive their opinions from. The first of these points is; the only source of genuine knowledgeRead MoreEmpiricism In Grendel1503 Words   |  7 Pagesto see if he truly aligns and believes in the philosophy. Similarly, I, throughout my fifteen years of living, have â€Å"tried on† coats of philosophies and align specifically with parts of two philosophies present in Grendel: Empiricism and the philosophy of Nietzsche. Empiricism is the philosophy that professes all knowledge comes from sense experience, and the primary aspect of Nietzsche’s philosophy is that tragedy is the affirmation of life. Ultimately, because of the experiences I have had in myRead MoreEmpiricism in Geography1294 Words   |  6 PagesFor the purpose of this essay I will critically discuss aspects of empiricism and the empirical method and their use in geography. I will discuss these aspects with close reference to a recommended reading for our co urse by Ward et al (2007). Empiricism is a philosophical idea that experience, which is based on observation and experimentation, is the only source of knowledge. Empiricism believes that the mind is a blank canvas and all knowledge arrives in the mind through the portals that are theRead MoreRationalism Vs Empiricism : Rationalism Versus Empiricism1385 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Rationalism vs Empiricism† Today in society, many people are free to follow whichever philosophical view that they feel is right for them. Each philosophical view has a different set of beliefs, and many philosophers went through great lengths to prove that the philosophical view of their choice was the best one. In this paper I will be talking about two philosophical theories. The first one is called Empiricism, and it was made famous by a philosopher named David Hume. Empiricism states that ourRead MoreEmpiricism and Rationalism Essay1020 Words   |  5 Pages(Markie, 2008, section 1.2) Yet, philosophical empiricism is defined in such an absolute way; which causes philosophical empiricism to be an inaccurate philosophical position from which to address all aspects of human life. Philosophical empiricism is defined as â€Å"the belief that all human knowledge arises from sense experience.† (Nash, 1999, page 254) Yet, medical empiricism is so far to the other extreme as to be insulting, while this empiricism is still said to be based on all sensory experience;Read MoreThe Philosophical View Of Empiricism1382 Words   |  6 Pagesis called Empiricism, and it was made famous by a philosopher named David Hume. Empiricism states that our knowledge should come from sensory experience, impressions, and observation. The other philosophical view I will be taking about is called Rationalism. Many people who don’t agree with empiricism lean more towards Rationalism. Rationalism was made famous by a philosopher that goes by the name of Rene Descartes, and Rationalism says that knowledge should come from reasoning. empiricism, and rationalismRead MoreEpistemology : Empiricism And Rationalism Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagesskeptic or unsure of a world outside of one’s mind seems crazy, but delving into the topic has revealed to me many objections as to why one would be skeptical about the world as we know it. There are two main positions in epistemology: empiricism and rationalism. Empiricism is the belief that all of our knowledge must come from sense experience that we have encountered, and there cannot be knowledge that doesn’t come from sense experience (Notes). On the other hand, rationalism is the belief that humansRead MoreEmpiricism, Positivism, And Positivism Essay1421 Words   |  6 Pageskinds of investigation in the world. We also refer it as â€Å"empiricism†, the scientific way we gain our knowledge from experience. Empiricism is also a view that all kinds of knowledge come from, not just scientific knowledge. Scientific thinking and investigation have the same basic pattern as everyday thinking and investigation. (Godfrey-Smith, 9) Again, we call it â€Å"empiricism† in terms of philosophical way, but in earliest form, the â€Å"empiricism† was referred as â€Å"logical positivism†. Logical PositivismRead MoreRationalism vs. Empiricism Es say1573 Words   |  7 PagesRationalism and empiricism were two philosophical schools in the 17th and 18th centuries, that were expressing opposite views on some subjects, including knowledge. While the debate between the rationalist and empiricist schools did not have any relationship to the study of psychology at the time, it has contributed greatly to facilitating the possibility of establishing the discipline of Psychology. This essay will describe the empiricist and rationalist debate, and will relate this debate to theRead MoreThe Spread Of Empiricism By Isaac Newton1067 Words   |  5 PagesSpread of Empiricism Isaac Newton’s astounding achievements in the field of science contributed to the birth of empiricism. This was the belief that knowledge acquired through sense experience is the only true meaningful knowledge. This idea began in Britain and spread all the way to Scotland and even Ireland. Philosophers such as David Hume developed radical ideas supporting these beliefs. Descartes theory regarding clockwork universe inspired others to further investigate the countless mysteries

Impact of AIDS on Sub-Saharan Africa’s Economy Free Essays

Sub-Saharan Africa is the part of the world most terribly influenced by AIDS.   By the end of 2004 it was estimated that twenty-six million inhabitants in Sub-Saharan Africa were suffering from AIDS. Approximately seven to eight per cent of the grown population is affected, with occurrence rates getting as high as forty per cent in a few countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of AIDS on Sub-Saharan Africa’s Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Females are strangely infected, with adolescent girls five times more prone than teenage boys to catch AIDS. In 2004 only, two million people expired of AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. However the epidemic has far stretched from its peak, since infectivity rates are still exceeded casualties from AIDS. Due to the gap between infectivity and successive death, we have until now to see the full impact of AIDS on Sub-Saharan Africa’s society as a whole. There have been differing opinions over how AIDS has affected the economic future of the African continent. Mixed messages on the true economic repercussions of the spread of the disease have contributed to a limited response, despite the inclusion of combating AIDS in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). One of the least studied but most significant areas of the epidemic’s impact is rural agriculture. Though long de-prioritized, rural agriculture is a source of livelihood for millions on the African continent and is now again being perceived as a crucial contributor to economic growth and development by such organizations as the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD). Hunger, food aid and agricultural subsidies are all key elements of the current discourse on Africa in policy circles and in the media, but few studies have assessed the impact of AIDS on agriculture to push for specific interventions to mitigate the impact of the epidemic on rural agriculture. This disease has affected millions of people and since many of them are farmers therefore it has indirectly affected agriculture also. Since agriculture is a major source of capital for individuals and the country therefore it has affected the economy of Africa also. It seems clear that such high levels of illness and mortality will severely hamper economic performance in the most heavily affected countries. Yet over the last decade, a number of macroeconomic studies have declared that AIDS is not having a significant impact on GDP growth. These analyses are important because they provide ammunition that allows statesmen and scholars to dismiss the epidemic as not worthy of action and funding. In circles of power around the world, it is money that drives policy initiatives. The claim that AIDS is not impacting economic performance speaks loudly and prevents aggressive intervention.( n5) This paper will start with an assessment of a number of the macroeconomic studies that aim to measure the impact of AIDS on GDP growth, and which contribute to the justification of a limited international response to the disease. Macroeconomic Analysis Of The Impact Of AIDS The assessments of the macroeconomic impact of AIDS have been largely dismissive due to the unique character of the epidemic. AIDS affects the poorest of the poor: those who are not recognized or measured by traditional macroeconomic indicators. (Ruxin, 2004) As a UN report on â€Å"The Impact of AIDS† notes, â€Å"those rural people whose activities are not counted by standard measurements of economic performance and productivity are among the most vulnerable to the impact of AIDS.†( Bloom,   Mahal, 1997, 108) By not fully accounting for the informal sector, the rural economy and small-scale agriculture are largely dismissed, and women, who play a large role in the informal economy and agricultural sector, are marginalized. While the macroeconomic studies assessing the impact of AIDS disregard them, in fact it is the poor, the rural and women who are most affected by the disease. After decades of neglect by governments and abandonment by structural adjustment programs, there is a renewed focus on agriculture by international organizations and groups such as the World Bank and NEPAD. Agriculture is once again being seen as a driving force for growth in Africa. The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) released in July 2003 states that â€Å"the high economic growth rates envisaged by NEPAD cannot be realized unless farm production is significantly increased. Higher output will directly reduce hunger and bring down the cost of food imports. It will also have wider economic benefits, from stimulating rural incomes to providing raw materials for African industry.†(Harsch, 2004, 13) However, the rural areas are where AIDS is having its most devastating impact. At a time when population growth is high relative to other emerging economies, the amount of arable land is stable, the quality of land is degrading, and output per hectare stagnant, the rural areas are under increased pressure. Adding the AIDS epidemic into an already precarious mix of factors forces the agricultural sector into a dangerous downward spiral and threatens hopes for economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa. Few of the macroeconomic studies specifically address rural livelihoods and agriculture. They also assess the impact of AIDS without acknowledging that, from an economic point of view, the primary impact of the disease manifests mainly among individual economic agents, i.e. individuals and households. (Booysen, Bachmann, 2002) As a result, these macroeconomic models often fail to allow for the effects of a number of important microeconomic impacts which are endogenous to such models. (Booysen, Bachmann, 2002) Though the death of an individual might only represent a minor change in GDP, the macroeconomists fail to understand the ripple effect chronic illness and death has on communities. The impoverishment of communities cascades upwards and impacts macroeconomic measures. The traditional macroeconomic research approach is not sufficient in the face of the widespread devastation of AIDS. Microeconomic Analysis Of The Impact Of AIDS It is vital for researchers to conduct microeconomic household-level studies on the impact of AIDS. Such analyses document the economic choices that households and individuals are forced to make in the face of the epidemic in terms of household composition, labor, productivity, savings and coping strategies. It is these behaviors that will inform observers of the real impact the epidemic is having on sub-Saharan Africa and will thus serve as the basis for understanding the effect of AIDS on families, communities and the nation. Rural Household Studies It is clear from existing microeconomic household-level analyses that AIDS is devastating and will continue to devastate Sub-Saharan Africa’s rural agricultural sector and, through it, undermines the agricultural and rural revival that many see as the basis of Africa’s recovery. As Carolyn Baylies notes, â€Å"AIDS is having a profound effect, undermining rural household production, contributing to declining agricultural output and affecting the very integrity of families and their sustainability as viable units.†(Baylies, 2002, 12) This paper will now delve into a number of the microeconomic studies, with a focus on rural agricultural household studies, to assess the house hold level impact of the epidemic and to investigate the effects that the macroeconomic analyses have largely missed. A 2002 household impact study conducted in South Africa by Frederick Booysen and Max Bachmann explores the impact of AIDS on families in the Free State province. Researchers note that deaths in the households due to AIDS mostly occurred in individuals in their 20s and 30s. A Rwandan study revealed that, for those that died, the average period of illness before death was 23 months: a long period during which care had to be provided and medicines sought. (Donovan, 2003) Household illness dramatically increases the dependency ratio in the home. Booysen and Bachmann note that the households affected by AIDS in fact have a smaller supply of labor than non-affected households, with a larger proportion of the household consisting of children and elderly persons. (Booysen, Bachmann, 2002) Furthermore, dependency is exacerbated by the fact that many individuals return to their rural homes to receive terminal care after becoming ill. (Jayne, 2002) The South African study also assesses the impact of AIDS on household income. The authors note that â€Å"per capita and adult equivalent income in affected households represents only between 50% and 60% of the levels of income in non-affected households.†(Booysen, Bachmann, 2002) This dramatic drop results not only from the loss of labor of the infected individual but also from the burden of care that falls on family members. Importantly, Booysen and Bachmann also explore the impact of the disease on expenditure levels. AIDS significantly alters the consumption patterns of households: â€Å"per capita and adult equivalent expenditure is between 60% and 70% of the levels of expenditure in non-affected households.† (Booysen, Bachmann, 2002) Notably, affected households spend less on food than non-affected households, which has a negative impact on the health of household members. How to cite Impact of AIDS on Sub-Saharan Africa’s Economy, Papers

The unstoppable play Essay Example For Students

The unstoppable play Essay Its Homecoming night, and the football team is scrambling on the wet locker room floor. The air is packed with steam from the hot showers colliding into the cool fall air. It smells like well it smells like a football locker room. Talk of whose date is the hottest, and who played the best enraptures the ears of all within listening distance. Tonight we will have some fun. For now the electrifying high school Dance far outweighs the thrilling victory over the homecoming competitors. Soon after the dance, when they start feeling their aches and pains, the football players will remember the game. They will remember what it took to get there, and what got them there. Ever since anyone could remember, Medicine Lodge Indians have been taught one lesson above all others. If executed correctly, Shoot R 32 Veer is the unstoppable play. We will write a custom essay on The unstoppable play specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Many people may not know what the Shoot R 32 Veer is. It is a football play designed so intricately, that no matter what the defense does, they can not defend against it. It is based on the idea of the triple option. This is where the quarterback can hand the ball off to the fullback, he can pitch the ball to the tailback, or if he needs to he can keep it and run it himself. First is The Handoff to the fullback. After the ball is snapped, the fullback charges the line of scrimage. Hoping to blow through the defensive line, and crush into the linebackers, picking up at least five yards. It is the quarterbacks job to read the defensive tackle. If he goes out, he hands it off. If he goes in, he keeps it. Assuming that the defense doesnt want to take the five-yard pounding from the fullback. They will crash their tackle in. The quarterback then keeps the ball. By now, we have reached the second stage of the play. The Pitch is intended to make the unblocked defensive end decide whether to go after the quarterback or to attempt to tackle the tailback after the pitch. Before the play starts, the quarterback calls, Down, ordering his team to get into a stance. After one second, he calls Set, putting the tailback into motion. When the taiback is directly behind the fullback, the quarterback says, Hut, to begin the play. Then the tailback bellies (runs in a curved pattern) deep behind the fullback and the quarterback. After the fake to the fullback, he runs outside the end. This is where his next crucial read comes into play. If the end or outside linebacker, whichever one is there comes after the quarterback, he pitches it. The tailback then runs outside the wide receivers block down the sideline. If the defensive player goes after the tailback, the quarterback keeps it. He cuts inside, between the play side running backs kick out block (he blocks either the end or the outside linebacker out of the play) and the play side tackles seal block (he makes contact with either the tackle or the inside linebacker, and slowly positions his butt as if it were a camera watching the back). With every other possible would-be tackler being blocked, there should be no chance of either of the quarterback or the tailback being tackled. There are not many plays that can actually be called unstoppable, but the play that our coach has chosen as our Bread and Butter, is definitely one of them. With a little bit of Buddy Taylor Football, your team can also steamroll over opponents with this devastating play. One thing that I feel obligated to remind everyone is, that with the right team, any play is unstoppable. .ud964c922aa862db85466ec61ac7a9547 , .ud964c922aa862db85466ec61ac7a9547 .postImageUrl , .ud964c922aa862db85466ec61ac7a9547 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud964c922aa862db85466ec61ac7a9547 , .ud964c922aa862db85466ec61ac7a9547:hover , .ud964c922aa862db85466ec61ac7a9547:visited , .ud964c922aa862db85466ec61ac7a9547:active { border:0!important; } .ud964c922aa862db85466ec61ac7a9547 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud964c922aa862db85466ec61ac7a9547 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud964c922aa862db85466ec61ac7a9547:active , .ud964c922aa862db85466ec61ac7a9547:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud964c922aa862db85466ec61ac7a9547 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud964c922aa862db85466ec61ac7a9547 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud964c922aa862db85466ec61ac7a9547 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud964c922aa862db85466ec61ac7a9547 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud964c922aa862db85466ec61ac7a9547:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud964c922aa862db85466ec61ac7a9547 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud964c922aa862db85466ec61ac7a9547 .ud964c922aa862db85466ec61ac7a9547-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud964c922aa862db85466ec61ac7a9547:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mark Twain Analysis EssayBibliography:

Word Choice Around vs. Round

Word Choice Around vs. Round Word Choice: Around vs. Round Are the words â€Å"around† and â€Å"round† interchangeable? Yes. Except for when they’re not. The problem is that these terms have several uses between them, but only some uses overlap. To make sure your written work is error free, then, check out our guide to using these words correctly. Around and Round (Positions and Movements) We typically use â€Å"around† to describe the position or movement of something. This can include any of the following: Moving in a circular motion or following a perimeter Surrounding or being surrounded by something Being near to or in the general proximity of something In each of these cases, â€Å"around† works as either an adverb or a preposition. We can see how each use works in practice in the examples below: We started by walking around the edge of the field. There were trees all around. We checked to see if there were any farms around. We can also use â€Å"round† in any of these sentences. For instance: We started by walking round the edge of the field. There were trees all round. We checked to see if there were any farms round. When discussing the position or movement of something, then, you can treat â€Å"around† and â€Å"round† as synonyms. However, â€Å"around† is usually the better choice in formal writing. Approximations and Rounding Another use of â€Å"around† is as an adverb meaning â€Å"roughly† or â€Å"approximately.† For example, we could say: I have around $150 to last the next month. But even if we can use â€Å"around† in relation to numbers, this should not be confused with â€Å"rounding† a number up or down. Nor is it the same as describing something as a â€Å"round number† in math. Other Uses of Round The word â€Å"round† has other uses as a noun, verb, and adjective. As a noun, for example, it can mean any of the following: A stage in a process or competition (e.g., A round of golf†¦) Something cut into a circle (e.g., Pastry rounds†¦) Drinks bought for a group of people (e.g., I’ll get the next round†¦) A shot from a gun (e.g., They fired three rounds into the air†¦) As a verb, meanwhile, in addition to â€Å"rounding† a number, it can refer to: Moving around something (e.g., Rounding a corner†¦) Forming something into a circle (e.g., He rounded his lips and blew†¦) Finally, as an adjective, it can mean â€Å"circular† or â€Å"plump.† In short, â€Å"round† has a lot of meanings! However, we cannot use â€Å"around† in its place for any of these noun, verb, or adjective uses. Summary: Around or Round? While â€Å"round† can be an informal alternative to â€Å"around† when used to describe the movement or position of something, this is not the case with other uses of these words. Remember: Either around or round can be used to describe the movement or position of something. However, â€Å"around†Ã‚   is more formal. We also use around to say that something is a rough estimate, but we cannot use â€Å"round† as a synonym in this case. The word round has many other uses as an adjective, a noun, and a verb. However, you cannot use â€Å"around† in its place for these uses. So it is only with respect to movement or positioning that these terms are interchangeable. And if you’d like help checking you’ve used these terms correctly, just let us know.

Spelling Review Exercises for Commonly Misspelled Words

Spelling Review Exercises for Commonly Misspelled Words Study  spelling rules and commonly misspelled words, then test your spelling skills by completing the following short exercises. In some cases, you will need to add a letter or two to complete the correct spelling of each word in parentheses. In other cases, the word in parentheses is correct as it stands. When youre done, compare your responses with the answers below. Group A: To E or Not to E? Some of the words in parentheses require the addition of the letter e; others are correct as they stand. Gus is (tru-ly) sorry for keeping you awake last night.We were criticized (sever-ly) by the sewing circle.The shed was (complet-ly) demolished.Merdine was (sincer-ly) grateful for the reprieve.The Simpsons are (argu-ing) again.They (argu-d) last night for hours.When is Mr. Wolfe (com-ing) home.Maya is (writ-ing) her autobiography.Mr. White is (judg-ing) the essay contest.Be (car-ful) when you light the furnace. Group B: IE or EI? Some of the words require the addition of ie; others require ei. Paint the (cling) before you paint the walls.Gus has been (recving) threatening e-mails.A (wrd) noise came out of the attic.I paid almost five dollars for that (pce) of pie.I dont (belve) in coincidence.The guests brought (thr) children to the wedding.(Nther) of us can help you today.The (nghbors) complained about our parents.Linda (wghs) less than her collie.We waited for the (frght) train to pass. Group C: I or Y? Some of the words require the addition of i; others require y. Have you (tr-ed) the dessert yet?The baby (cr-ed) throughout the church service.We compared two (theor-es) of evolution.Peggy felt (betra-ed) by her manager.You should be (stud-ing) for Fridays exam.(Lonel-ness) was never a problem for Henry.She (fl-es) on broken wings.I have always (rel-ed) on my friends.Please give Mr. Flannery my (apolog-es).It was a (pit-ful) sight. Group D: A, E, or I? Complete each word with the letter a, e, or i. I borrowed these flowers from the (cemet-ry).My parakeet eats huge (quant-ties) of bird seed.The tax cuts will (ben-fit) the wealthy.It was a (priv-lege) to meet you.He has a remarkably (unpleas-nt) disposition.We placed the puppies in (sep-rate) rooms.Henry is an (independ-nt) thinker.I found an (excell-nt) excuse to resign from the committee.She chose items from different (cat-gories).Professor Legree made another (irrelev-nt) remark. Group E: Single or Double? Some of these words require the doubling of a consonant; others are correct as they stand. The sun was (shin-ing) down like honey.The experiment was (control-ed) by a madman.The region is slowly (begin-ing) to recover.Doug (pour-ed) sugar over Yoddys oatmeal.She keeps (forget-ing) to call me.Gus (admit-ed) his mistake.They were (sweat-ing) in the classroom.That idea never (occur-ed) to me.The bunny went (hop-ing) down to the abattoir.His doctor (refer-ed) him to a dimple specialist. Group F: Letters Needed? Some of these words require the addition of one or more letters; others are correct as they stand. Marriage comes without a (g-arantee).Caley (su-prised) me.You are (prob-ly) going to be late.Does she (reali-e) that her socks dont match?(D-scribe) the man who hit you.We waited (until-) the mortician arrived.Merdine (recom-ended) a psychiatrist.Take two (asp-rin) and go to bed.She supports a strong (ath-letic) program.The (tem-rature) reached 109 degrees in Yuma. Group G: More Letters Needed? Some of these words require the addition of one or more letters; others are correct as they stand. She (a-quired) a good tan and a new boyfriend.Gus is (basic-ly) lazy.We must work together to improve the (envir-ment).I wish Hansel would just (dis-pear).Mr. Summers should attend to his (bus-ness).Alice Walker wrote an essay (sim-lar) to yours.The Red Sox have (fin-ly) won a ball game.I was (dis-appointed) by the cranberries in dill sauce.Doc Brown was working in his (lab-ratory).Baron Leibniz works for the (gover-ment). When youre done, compare your responses with the answers below. Answers Here are the answers to the Spelling Review Exercises, Groups A through G. ANSWERS- GROUP A1. truly; 2. severely; 3. completely; 4. sincerely; 5. arguing; 6. argued; 7. coming; 8. writing; 9. judging; 10. careful. ANSWERS- GROUP B1. ceiling; 2. receiving; 3. weird; 4. piece; 5. believe; 6. their; 7. Neither; 8. neighbors; 9. weighs; 10. freight ANSWERS- GROUP C1. tried; 2. cried; 3. theories; 4. betrayed; 5. studying; 6. Loneliness; 7. flies; 8.  relied; 9. apologies; 10. pitiful ANSWERS- GROUP D1. cemetery; 2. quantities; 3. benefit; 4. privilege; 5. unpleasant; 6. separate; 7. independent; 8. excellent; 9. categories; 10. irrelevant ANSWERS- GROUP E1. shining; 2. controlled; 3. beginning; 4. poured; 5. forgetting; 6. admitted; 7. sweating; 8. occurred; 9. hopping; 10. referred ANSWERS- GROUP F1. guarantee; 2. surprised; 3. probably; 4. realize; 5. Describe; 6. until; 7. recommended; 8. aspirin; 9. athletic; 10. temperature ANSWERS- GROUP G1. acquired; 2. basically; 3. environment; 4. disappear; 5. business; 6. similar; 7. finally; 8. disappointed; 9. laboratory; 10. government

Ethics and Governance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics and Governance - Case Study Example The cause for Friedman’s statement is probably due to the birth of ‘Ethical business’, this is where companies will demonstrate a social conscience, possibly to gain support from consumers who buy their products, but will cut the profits of the shareholders in a company. Freidman also assumes that there is a link between the birth of ‘Ethical business’ and the growth of left-wing academia, particularly in the United States, although I am not convinced of the relation between the two and that one affects the other. However, Friedman believes that it is these academics that are making the businessmen act like â€Å"unwitting puppets† who are â€Å"preach ­ing pure and unadulterated socialism†. Still, I believe that Friedman is putting across his biased political views with this statement, where he thinks that anything relating to socialism is automatically bad so he does not really back up this quote. I also disagree with Friedman in tha t he believes that the â€Å"intellectual forces† really have that much influence on businessmen to make them â€Å"unwitting puppets†. The factor which would make businessmen turn to a more ethical approach could be down to a rapidly expanding interest in business ethics and the rise of the middle-class looking to ‘clear their conscience’ by buying ethically. 2. Friedman (1970) discusses whether corporations can have a â€Å"social responsibility† or whether having responsibilities is a uniquely human trait. Friedman argues, reasonably convincingly, that a company cannot have the responsibility since it is â€Å"artificial†. We can see this in his article when he says â€Å"Only people can have responsibilities. A corporation is an artificial person and in this sense may have artificial responsibilities†. This would lead him to the conclusion that corporations have no moral obligation to be ethical since they are not moral beings and that the only responsibilities of a company â€Å"is to increase its profits†.

Computer Generated Imagery in Movie Production Essay - 8

Computer Generated Imagery in Movie Production - Essay Example These new techniques include the use of motion capture or motion tracking. Avatar used this extensively especially in the development of some scenes which required the performance of the actor to be well captured. The use of motion or performance capture is done with a set of equipment. The first set includes sensors which are placed in the strategic locations where they can sense the motions of the individual. These sensors are then connected to a computer or a colony of computers which analyze the data collected by the sensors and they use this data to apply it to the animated objects. In Avatar, this method was used to capture the facial performance of the actors such as the movement of the lips, the eyes and the cheeks and the data was then used to animate the non-human characters. Motion-capture suits were also used to capture the motion of the whole body. The director of the movie thought it would be necessary to use this technology rather than completely depending on onscreen animation. The actors would wear special suits such as the leotard with sensors attached all over it (Johnson para 4). Each sensor has a computing capability making it possible for it to collect data and send it to a computer which would then analyze the data and create motion data for the computer graphics. In the making of Avatar, unlike in the making of Jurassic Park, the technology was developed specifically for the development of the movie. So, unlike in Jurassic Age where CGI was used as a way to complement the other techniques used to create reality, such as animatronics, CGI in Avatar was developed specially to the development of the movie. James Cameron, the director of Avatar spent over a decade developing this technology. This included special stereoscopic cameras which were able to capture the actions of the actions and effectively transfer this to the computer models such as the Navi  monkey-like beings.  

Tourette Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Genetics :: essays research papers fc

Usually, the first symptoms of Tourette Syndrome are facial tics, commonly eye blinking. Other facial tics include nose twitching and grimaces. The next tic to appear will usually be some other minor motor tic such as foot stomping, head jerking, neck stretching, or body twisting and bending.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Affected individuals may also have a vocal tic such as clearing their throat, coughing, grunting, sniffing, yelping, barking, or shouting. Few Tourette Syndrome patients also experience coperlalia-the uttering of inappropriate or obscene words or phrases. They also may repeat words they hear others saying (echolalia).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some individuals touch people or repeat actions in an obsessive manner. Very rarely, patients demonstrate self-harming behavior such as head banging, and lip or cheek biting; only patients with severe TS exhibit such behaviors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tics are random, changing in severity, number, frequency, type, and location. Oftentimes, symptoms will subside for weeks or even months at a time and later reappear.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tourette syndrome is a neurological disorder in which too much or too little dopamine is produced in the brain. Too much dopamine causes hyperactivity. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter used in the substantia nigra and striatum which are important for movement. Other systems which can be effected by dopamine send axons from the midbrain to the forebrain, including the cerebral cortex. Recent research has shown that TS may also be an abnormality in the genes affecting the brain’s metabolism of neurotransmitters in general.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tourette Syndrome is a highly penetrant, sex influenced autosomal dominant trait that can cause different symptoms in different family members. If the offspring that carries the TS gene is male, his risk of developing symptoms is three to four times higher. In few cases, TS is sporadic and the cause is unknown.

Does Right to Life Include Right to Die ? Essay

The assignment work bears the imprint of many people, and I express my gratitude to all those who have helped me and rendered their help in all the possible ways in a completion of my assignment.  No work can be successful without the guidance and blessing of elders and this work is no exception. It is a matter of immense pleasure to express my gratitude to my faculty Hon’ble Prof. S. K. Gaur for his guidance and excellent insights which gave direction andfocus to this paper. I thank him for lending his precious time in making this assignment anauthentic piece of work. He regularly guided me. I also owe sincere gratitude to the staff at library for always helping in the process of finding material and other sources for research. I am very grateful to my senior Mr. Animesh Kumar and all the individuals involved in the subgroup for their contributions and assistance in compiling this assignment and the recommendations that go with it: they are the outcome of an open, interactive and creative cooperation. I also thank social networking site for searching the required information in precise and as per needed. How I can forget to give credit and my satisfaction to my friends. My institution and family really supported me throughout in my endeavours to which I am honoured to thank. Protection of Life and Personal Liberty â€Å"Article 21 reads as: No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to aprocedure established by law. † The phraseology may be negative, but it has conferred an obligation on the state to ensure good quality of life and a dignified life to the people, which is the positive aspect of the article. According to Bhagwati, J. , Article 21 â€Å"embodies a constitutional value of supreme importance in a democratic society. †Iyer, J. , has characterized Article 21 as â€Å"the procedural magna cartaprotective of life and liberty. This right has been held to be the heart of the Constitution, the most organic and progressive provision in our living constitution, the foundation of our laws. Article 21 secures two rights: * Right to life; and * Right to personal liberty. The Article prohibits the deprivation of the above rights except according to aprocedure established by law. Article 21 can only be claimed when a person is deprived of his â€Å"life† or â€Å"personal liberty† by the â€Å"State† as defined in Article 12. Violation of the right by a private individual is not within the preview of Article 21. Article 21 applies to natural persons. The right is available to every person, citizen or alien. Thus, even a foreigner can claim this right. Right to Life: An Introduction The term â€Å"life† as mentioned in the Article has been given a broad meaning by theSupreme Court. Right to Life does not merely mean the continuance of a person’s animalexistence but a quality of life. In the case of Kharak Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh, theSupreme Court quoted with approval Field, J. ’s observation in Munn v. Illinois, and held: ‘By the term â€Å"life† as here used something more is meant than mere animal existence. The inhibition against its deprivation extends to all those limbs and faculties by which life is enjoyed. The provision equally prohibits the mutilation of the body by amputation of an arm or leg or the pulling out of an eye, or the destruction of any other organ of the body through which the soul communicates with the outer world. ’ In Sunil Batra v. Delhi Administration, the Supreme Court reiterated with theapproval the above observations and held that the â€Å"right to life† included the right to lead a healthy life so as to enjoy all faculties of the human body in their prime conditions. It would even include the right to protection of a person’s tradition, culture, heritage and all that gives meaning to a man’s life. It includes the right to live in peace, to sleep in peace and the right to repose and health. In P. Rathinam v. Union of India, the Supreme Court defined â€Å"Life† as follows:â€Å"the right to live with human dignity and the same does not connote continued drudgery. It takes within its fold some of the fine graces of civilization which makes life worth living and that the expanded concept of life would mean the tradition, culture and heritage of the person concerned. In Olga Tellis, the Supreme Court has emphasized that the term â€Å"life† in Article 21 is not only restricted to mere animal existence of a person. It means something more and â€Å"the inhibition against the deprivation of life extents to all those limits and faculties by which life is enjoyed. † No Right to Die or Commit Suicide Can the right to life be interpreted to such an extent which leads to its self destruction or self opposition? That is, can it include within its ambit the right not to live or the right to die? The wordEuthanasia comes from the Greek – â€Å"Euthanatos† derived from the words ‘eu’ meaning good and ‘thanatos’meaning death. It is the intentional killing by act or omission of a dependant human being for his or her alleged benefit. Somehow the meaning of Euthanasia is explained in light of suicide while suicide is, many agree, considered as murder except that it is the victim who is the author himself. One of its kinds is assisted suicide which happens when someone provides an individual with the information, guidance, and means to take his or her own life with the intention that they will be used for this purpose. â€Å"The word â€Å"euthanasia† is somewhat ambiguous and has several possible meaning. Hence it is appropriate to explain what we mean by the term whenever it is used. For the purpose of this assignment, euthanasia will mean the act of ending the life of a person from compassionate motives, when he is already terminally ill or, when his suffering has become unbearable† Euthanasia is the intentional premature termination of another person’s life either by direct intervention (active euthanasia) or by withholding life-prolonging measures and resources (passive euthanasia), either at theexpress or implied request of that person (voluntary euthanasia), or in the absence of such approval (non-voluntary euthanasia). Involuntary euthanasia – where the individual wishes to go on living – is aneuphemism for murder. Passive euthanasia is usually defined as withdrawing medical treatment with a deliberate intention ofcausing the patient’s death. For example, if a patient requires kidney dialysis to survive, not giving dialysisalthough the machine is available, is passive euthanasia. Similarly, if a patient is in coma or on a heart lungmachine, withdrawing of the machine will ordinarily result in passive euthanasia. Similarly not giving lifesaving medicines like antibiotics in certain situations may result in passive euthanasia. Denying food to a person in coma may also amount to passive euthanasia. Euthanasia and Suicide were clearly defined in the case NareshMarotraoSakhre v. Union of India J. Lodha stated- â€Å"Suicide by its very nature is an act of self-killing or self-destruction, an act of terminatingone’s own act and without the aid or assistance of any other human agency while Euthanasia or mercy killingon the other hand implies the intervention of other human agency to end the life. Mercy killing is therefore notsuicide and an attempt at mercy killing is not covered by the provisions of Section 309. The two concepts areboth factually and legally distinct. Euthanasia or mercy killing is nothing but homicide whatever thecircumstances in which it is performed. † Section 309 of the Indian Penal Code1860, punishes a person convicted of attempting to commit suicide. There had been difference of opinion on the justification of this provision to continue on the Statute Book. The question came for consideration for first time before the High Court of BombayinState of Maharashtra v. MarutiSripatiDubal. In this case the Bombay High Court heldthat the right to life guaranteed under Article 21 includes right to die, and the Hon’ble High Court struck down Section 309 of the IPC which provides punishment for attempt to commit suicide by a person as unconstitutional. Further in ChennaJagadeeswar v. State of A. P. , the Andhra Pradesh High Court held that the right to die is not a fundamental right under Art. 21 and hence Section 309 of I. P. C is not unconstitutional. In P. Rathinam v. Union of Indiaa Division Bench of the Supreme Court,supporting the decision of the High Court of Bombay in MarutiSripatiDubal Case, heldthat under Article 21 right to life also include right to die and laid down that section 309 of Indian Penal Court which deals with ‘attempt to commit suicide is a penal offence’ unconstitutional. A five-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court in GianKaur v. State ofPunjab,overruled the decision of the Division Bench in the above stated case and has putan end to the controversy and ruled that Section 309 of IPC was neither violative of Article 21nor Article 14. The court held that the â€Å"right to life† under Article 21 did not include â€Å"the right to die. † As observed by Justice J. S. Verma :â€Å"Any aspect of life which makes it dignified may be read into Article 21 of the Constitution but not that which extinguishes it and is therefore inconsistent with the continued existence of life resulting in effacing the right itself†. ‘Right to life’ is a natural right embodied in Art. 21 but suicide is an unnatural termination or extinction of life and, incompatible and inconsistent with the concept of ‘right to life’. Referring to the protagonists of euthanasia’s view that existence in persistent vegetative state was not a benefit to the patient of terminal illness being unrelated to the principle of ‘sanctity of life’ or to the ‘right to live with dignity’ the Court said that this argument was of no assistance to determine the scope of Article 21 of the Constitution for deciding whether the guarantee of ‘right to life’ therein includes the ‘right to die’. The Court made it clear that the ‘right to life’ including the right to live with human dignity would mean the existence of such right upto the end of natural life. This also includes the right to a dignified life upto the point of death including a dignified procedure of death. This may include the right of a dying man to also die with dignity when his life is ebbing out. But the ‘right to die’, with dignity at the end of life is not to be confused with the ‘right to die’ an unnatural death curtailing the natural span of life. The court reiterated that the argument to support the views of permitting termination of life in such cases (dying man who is terminally ill or in a vegetative state) by accelerating the process of natural death when it was certain and imminent was not available to interpret Art. 1 to include therein the right to curtail the natural span of life. ARUNA RAMCHANDRA SHANBAUG v. UNION OF INDIA Recently,Passive euthanasia has been made legal in India. On 7 March 2011 the Supreme Court of India legalised passive euthanasia by means of the withdrawal of life support to patients in a permanent vegetative state. The decision was made as part of the verdict in a case involving ArunaShanbaug, who has been in a vegetative state for 37 years at King Edward Memorial Hospital. Facts: Aruna Ramachandra Shanbaug was a staff Nurse workingin King Edward Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai. On the evening of 27th November, 1973 she was attackedby a sweeper in the hospital who wrapped a dog chain around her neck and yanked her back with it. He triedto rape her but finding that she was menstruating, he sodomized her. To immobilize her during this act hetwisted the chain around her neck. The next day on 28th November, 1973 at 7. 45 a. m. a cleaner found herlying on the floor with blood all over in an unconscious condition. It is alleged that due to strangulation by thedog chain the supply of oxygen to the brain stopped and the brain got damaged. She was bed ridden for past 37 years. The Court rejected active euthanasia by means of lethal injection. In the absence of a law regulating euthanasia in India, the court stated that its decision becomes the law of the land until the Indian parliament enacts a suitable law. Active euthanasia, including the administration of lethal compounds for the purpose of ending life, is still illegal in India, and in most countries. While rejecting Pinki Virani’s plea for Aruna Shanbaug’s euthanasia, the court laid out guidelines for passive euthanasia. According to these guidelines, passive euthanasia involves the withdrawing of treatment or food that would allow the patient to live. As India had no law about euthanasia, the Supreme Court’s guidelines are law until and unless Parliament passes legislation. The following guidelines were laid down: 1. A decision has to be taken to discontinue life support either by the parents or the spouse or other close relatives, or in the absence of any of them, such a decision can be taken even by a person or a body of persons acting as a next friend. It can also be taken by the doctors attending the patient. However, the decision should be taken bona fide in the best interest of the patient. 2. Even if a decision is taken by the near relatives or doctors or next friend to withdraw life support, such a decision requires approval from the High Court concerned. 3. When such an application is filed the Chief Justice of the High Court should forthwith constitute a Bench of at least two Judges who should decide to grant approval or not. A committee of three reputed doctors are to be nominated by the Bench who will give report regarding the condition of the patient. Before giving the verdict a notice regarding the report should be given to close relatives and the State. After hearing the parties, the High Court can give its verdict. CONCLUSION Euthanasia, too, is a controversial subject, not only becausethere are many different moral dilemmas associatedwith it, but also in what constitutes its definition. Atthe extreme ends of disagreement, advocates sayeuthanasia, also known as physician aid in dying, orphysician assisted suicide, is a merciful method of death. At the other end are opponents of euthanasia, who mayconsider this method as a form of murder. After the detailstudy of various states legislations and the detail study ofthe cases, still the matteris a question of debate that whether Euthanasia is asuicide or dignified end of life. Many state legalize Euthanasiabut in the high profile state as well as in IndiaEuthanasia is not permitted even after their broaderverdict that right to life means dignified life and this rightto life include dignified end of life too. To provide an ultimate healing touch for the dying, thelogical, the common sense, the compassionate approachfor Euthanasia can be legalized by the interference of lawand legislation for the permissive Euthanasia society. And so far as the misuse is concern it is known that everyboon possesses some curse, even Code of MedicalEthics (Sec. 33 of Indian Medical council Act 1956) mayalso be treated as a safeguard while legalize Euthanasia as a safeguard for the curse. Thus this right to dignified end of life should bebestowed upon the individuals, family, physicians and thesociety at large with necessary dogmatic mechanism. Adecision in time can avoid torment to the dying, canrelease recourses to save other retrievable lives andavert emotional and fiscal agony to the survivors.

Limitations of Self-Report Data Essay - 2366 Words

Running head: LIMITATIONS OF SELF-REPORT DATA Assignment 2 Limitation of Self-Report Data by Samantha, BScOT Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, YUniversity for Theories of Personality Professor August 8, 2011 Abstract There has been a rapid increase in the development of web based psychological self-help sites over the past decade. Many of these sites offer test and measures focusing on various aspect of personality and psychological functioning. The tests on the websites use self-report data to obtain information. While self-report data is easily obtained and is considered a reliable source of information in most circumstances, it is not without its limitations. This paper will examine the limitations of self-report data†¦show more content†¦The test consists of 70 questions; one to identify gender and the rest requiring a yes or no response. 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