Tourette Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Genetics :: essays research papers fc

Usually, the first symptoms of Tourette Syndrome are facial tics, commonly eye blinking. Other facial tics include nose twitching and grimaces. The next tic to appear will usually be some other minor motor tic such as foot stomping, head jerking, neck stretching, or body twisting and bending.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Affected individuals may also have a vocal tic such as clearing their throat, coughing, grunting, sniffing, yelping, barking, or shouting. Few Tourette Syndrome patients also experience coperlalia-the uttering of inappropriate or obscene words or phrases. They also may repeat words they hear others saying (echolalia).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some individuals touch people or repeat actions in an obsessive manner. Very rarely, patients demonstrate self-harming behavior such as head banging, and lip or cheek biting; only patients with severe TS exhibit such behaviors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tics are random, changing in severity, number, frequency, type, and location. Oftentimes, symptoms will subside for weeks or even months at a time and later reappear.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tourette syndrome is a neurological disorder in which too much or too little dopamine is produced in the brain. Too much dopamine causes hyperactivity. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter used in the substantia nigra and striatum which are important for movement. Other systems which can be effected by dopamine send axons from the midbrain to the forebrain, including the cerebral cortex. Recent research has shown that TS may also be an abnormality in the genes affecting the brain’s metabolism of neurotransmitters in general.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tourette Syndrome is a highly penetrant, sex influenced autosomal dominant trait that can cause different symptoms in different family members. If the offspring that carries the TS gene is male, his risk of developing symptoms is three to four times higher. In few cases, TS is sporadic and the cause is unknown.

Does Right to Life Include Right to Die ? Essay

The assignment work bears the imprint of many people, and I express my gratitude to all those who have helped me and rendered their help in all the possible ways in a completion of my assignment.  No work can be successful without the guidance and blessing of elders and this work is no exception. It is a matter of immense pleasure to express my gratitude to my faculty Hon’ble Prof. S. K. Gaur for his guidance and excellent insights which gave direction andfocus to this paper. I thank him for lending his precious time in making this assignment anauthentic piece of work. He regularly guided me. I also owe sincere gratitude to the staff at library for always helping in the process of finding material and other sources for research. I am very grateful to my senior Mr. Animesh Kumar and all the individuals involved in the subgroup for their contributions and assistance in compiling this assignment and the recommendations that go with it: they are the outcome of an open, interactive and creative cooperation. I also thank social networking site for searching the required information in precise and as per needed. How I can forget to give credit and my satisfaction to my friends. My institution and family really supported me throughout in my endeavours to which I am honoured to thank. Protection of Life and Personal Liberty â€Å"Article 21 reads as: No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to aprocedure established by law. † The phraseology may be negative, but it has conferred an obligation on the state to ensure good quality of life and a dignified life to the people, which is the positive aspect of the article. According to Bhagwati, J. , Article 21 â€Å"embodies a constitutional value of supreme importance in a democratic society. †Iyer, J. , has characterized Article 21 as â€Å"the procedural magna cartaprotective of life and liberty. This right has been held to be the heart of the Constitution, the most organic and progressive provision in our living constitution, the foundation of our laws. Article 21 secures two rights: * Right to life; and * Right to personal liberty. The Article prohibits the deprivation of the above rights except according to aprocedure established by law. Article 21 can only be claimed when a person is deprived of his â€Å"life† or â€Å"personal liberty† by the â€Å"State† as defined in Article 12. Violation of the right by a private individual is not within the preview of Article 21. Article 21 applies to natural persons. The right is available to every person, citizen or alien. Thus, even a foreigner can claim this right. Right to Life: An Introduction The term â€Å"life† as mentioned in the Article has been given a broad meaning by theSupreme Court. Right to Life does not merely mean the continuance of a person’s animalexistence but a quality of life. In the case of Kharak Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh, theSupreme Court quoted with approval Field, J. ’s observation in Munn v. Illinois, and held: ‘By the term â€Å"life† as here used something more is meant than mere animal existence. The inhibition against its deprivation extends to all those limbs and faculties by which life is enjoyed. The provision equally prohibits the mutilation of the body by amputation of an arm or leg or the pulling out of an eye, or the destruction of any other organ of the body through which the soul communicates with the outer world. ’ In Sunil Batra v. Delhi Administration, the Supreme Court reiterated with theapproval the above observations and held that the â€Å"right to life† included the right to lead a healthy life so as to enjoy all faculties of the human body in their prime conditions. It would even include the right to protection of a person’s tradition, culture, heritage and all that gives meaning to a man’s life. It includes the right to live in peace, to sleep in peace and the right to repose and health. In P. Rathinam v. Union of India, the Supreme Court defined â€Å"Life† as follows:â€Å"the right to live with human dignity and the same does not connote continued drudgery. It takes within its fold some of the fine graces of civilization which makes life worth living and that the expanded concept of life would mean the tradition, culture and heritage of the person concerned. In Olga Tellis, the Supreme Court has emphasized that the term â€Å"life† in Article 21 is not only restricted to mere animal existence of a person. It means something more and â€Å"the inhibition against the deprivation of life extents to all those limits and faculties by which life is enjoyed. † No Right to Die or Commit Suicide Can the right to life be interpreted to such an extent which leads to its self destruction or self opposition? That is, can it include within its ambit the right not to live or the right to die? The wordEuthanasia comes from the Greek – â€Å"Euthanatos† derived from the words ‘eu’ meaning good and ‘thanatos’meaning death. It is the intentional killing by act or omission of a dependant human being for his or her alleged benefit. Somehow the meaning of Euthanasia is explained in light of suicide while suicide is, many agree, considered as murder except that it is the victim who is the author himself. One of its kinds is assisted suicide which happens when someone provides an individual with the information, guidance, and means to take his or her own life with the intention that they will be used for this purpose. â€Å"The word â€Å"euthanasia† is somewhat ambiguous and has several possible meaning. Hence it is appropriate to explain what we mean by the term whenever it is used. For the purpose of this assignment, euthanasia will mean the act of ending the life of a person from compassionate motives, when he is already terminally ill or, when his suffering has become unbearable† Euthanasia is the intentional premature termination of another person’s life either by direct intervention (active euthanasia) or by withholding life-prolonging measures and resources (passive euthanasia), either at theexpress or implied request of that person (voluntary euthanasia), or in the absence of such approval (non-voluntary euthanasia). Involuntary euthanasia – where the individual wishes to go on living – is aneuphemism for murder. Passive euthanasia is usually defined as withdrawing medical treatment with a deliberate intention ofcausing the patient’s death. For example, if a patient requires kidney dialysis to survive, not giving dialysisalthough the machine is available, is passive euthanasia. Similarly, if a patient is in coma or on a heart lungmachine, withdrawing of the machine will ordinarily result in passive euthanasia. Similarly not giving lifesaving medicines like antibiotics in certain situations may result in passive euthanasia. Denying food to a person in coma may also amount to passive euthanasia. Euthanasia and Suicide were clearly defined in the case NareshMarotraoSakhre v. Union of India J. Lodha stated- â€Å"Suicide by its very nature is an act of self-killing or self-destruction, an act of terminatingone’s own act and without the aid or assistance of any other human agency while Euthanasia or mercy killingon the other hand implies the intervention of other human agency to end the life. Mercy killing is therefore notsuicide and an attempt at mercy killing is not covered by the provisions of Section 309. The two concepts areboth factually and legally distinct. Euthanasia or mercy killing is nothing but homicide whatever thecircumstances in which it is performed. † Section 309 of the Indian Penal Code1860, punishes a person convicted of attempting to commit suicide. There had been difference of opinion on the justification of this provision to continue on the Statute Book. The question came for consideration for first time before the High Court of BombayinState of Maharashtra v. MarutiSripatiDubal. In this case the Bombay High Court heldthat the right to life guaranteed under Article 21 includes right to die, and the Hon’ble High Court struck down Section 309 of the IPC which provides punishment for attempt to commit suicide by a person as unconstitutional. Further in ChennaJagadeeswar v. State of A. P. , the Andhra Pradesh High Court held that the right to die is not a fundamental right under Art. 21 and hence Section 309 of I. P. C is not unconstitutional. In P. Rathinam v. Union of Indiaa Division Bench of the Supreme Court,supporting the decision of the High Court of Bombay in MarutiSripatiDubal Case, heldthat under Article 21 right to life also include right to die and laid down that section 309 of Indian Penal Court which deals with ‘attempt to commit suicide is a penal offence’ unconstitutional. A five-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court in GianKaur v. State ofPunjab,overruled the decision of the Division Bench in the above stated case and has putan end to the controversy and ruled that Section 309 of IPC was neither violative of Article 21nor Article 14. The court held that the â€Å"right to life† under Article 21 did not include â€Å"the right to die. † As observed by Justice J. S. Verma :â€Å"Any aspect of life which makes it dignified may be read into Article 21 of the Constitution but not that which extinguishes it and is therefore inconsistent with the continued existence of life resulting in effacing the right itself†. ‘Right to life’ is a natural right embodied in Art. 21 but suicide is an unnatural termination or extinction of life and, incompatible and inconsistent with the concept of ‘right to life’. Referring to the protagonists of euthanasia’s view that existence in persistent vegetative state was not a benefit to the patient of terminal illness being unrelated to the principle of ‘sanctity of life’ or to the ‘right to live with dignity’ the Court said that this argument was of no assistance to determine the scope of Article 21 of the Constitution for deciding whether the guarantee of ‘right to life’ therein includes the ‘right to die’. The Court made it clear that the ‘right to life’ including the right to live with human dignity would mean the existence of such right upto the end of natural life. This also includes the right to a dignified life upto the point of death including a dignified procedure of death. This may include the right of a dying man to also die with dignity when his life is ebbing out. But the ‘right to die’, with dignity at the end of life is not to be confused with the ‘right to die’ an unnatural death curtailing the natural span of life. The court reiterated that the argument to support the views of permitting termination of life in such cases (dying man who is terminally ill or in a vegetative state) by accelerating the process of natural death when it was certain and imminent was not available to interpret Art. 1 to include therein the right to curtail the natural span of life. ARUNA RAMCHANDRA SHANBAUG v. UNION OF INDIA Recently,Passive euthanasia has been made legal in India. On 7 March 2011 the Supreme Court of India legalised passive euthanasia by means of the withdrawal of life support to patients in a permanent vegetative state. The decision was made as part of the verdict in a case involving ArunaShanbaug, who has been in a vegetative state for 37 years at King Edward Memorial Hospital. Facts: Aruna Ramachandra Shanbaug was a staff Nurse workingin King Edward Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai. On the evening of 27th November, 1973 she was attackedby a sweeper in the hospital who wrapped a dog chain around her neck and yanked her back with it. He triedto rape her but finding that she was menstruating, he sodomized her. To immobilize her during this act hetwisted the chain around her neck. The next day on 28th November, 1973 at 7. 45 a. m. a cleaner found herlying on the floor with blood all over in an unconscious condition. It is alleged that due to strangulation by thedog chain the supply of oxygen to the brain stopped and the brain got damaged. She was bed ridden for past 37 years. The Court rejected active euthanasia by means of lethal injection. In the absence of a law regulating euthanasia in India, the court stated that its decision becomes the law of the land until the Indian parliament enacts a suitable law. Active euthanasia, including the administration of lethal compounds for the purpose of ending life, is still illegal in India, and in most countries. While rejecting Pinki Virani’s plea for Aruna Shanbaug’s euthanasia, the court laid out guidelines for passive euthanasia. According to these guidelines, passive euthanasia involves the withdrawing of treatment or food that would allow the patient to live. As India had no law about euthanasia, the Supreme Court’s guidelines are law until and unless Parliament passes legislation. The following guidelines were laid down: 1. A decision has to be taken to discontinue life support either by the parents or the spouse or other close relatives, or in the absence of any of them, such a decision can be taken even by a person or a body of persons acting as a next friend. It can also be taken by the doctors attending the patient. However, the decision should be taken bona fide in the best interest of the patient. 2. Even if a decision is taken by the near relatives or doctors or next friend to withdraw life support, such a decision requires approval from the High Court concerned. 3. When such an application is filed the Chief Justice of the High Court should forthwith constitute a Bench of at least two Judges who should decide to grant approval or not. A committee of three reputed doctors are to be nominated by the Bench who will give report regarding the condition of the patient. Before giving the verdict a notice regarding the report should be given to close relatives and the State. After hearing the parties, the High Court can give its verdict. CONCLUSION Euthanasia, too, is a controversial subject, not only becausethere are many different moral dilemmas associatedwith it, but also in what constitutes its definition. Atthe extreme ends of disagreement, advocates sayeuthanasia, also known as physician aid in dying, orphysician assisted suicide, is a merciful method of death. At the other end are opponents of euthanasia, who mayconsider this method as a form of murder. After the detailstudy of various states legislations and the detail study ofthe cases, still the matteris a question of debate that whether Euthanasia is asuicide or dignified end of life. Many state legalize Euthanasiabut in the high profile state as well as in IndiaEuthanasia is not permitted even after their broaderverdict that right to life means dignified life and this rightto life include dignified end of life too. To provide an ultimate healing touch for the dying, thelogical, the common sense, the compassionate approachfor Euthanasia can be legalized by the interference of lawand legislation for the permissive Euthanasia society. And so far as the misuse is concern it is known that everyboon possesses some curse, even Code of MedicalEthics (Sec. 33 of Indian Medical council Act 1956) mayalso be treated as a safeguard while legalize Euthanasia as a safeguard for the curse. Thus this right to dignified end of life should bebestowed upon the individuals, family, physicians and thesociety at large with necessary dogmatic mechanism. Adecision in time can avoid torment to the dying, canrelease recourses to save other retrievable lives andavert emotional and fiscal agony to the survivors.

Limitations of Self-Report Data Essay - 2366 Words

Running head: LIMITATIONS OF SELF-REPORT DATA Assignment 2 Limitation of Self-Report Data by Samantha, BScOT Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, YUniversity for Theories of Personality Professor August 8, 2011 Abstract There has been a rapid increase in the development of web based psychological self-help sites over the past decade. Many of these sites offer test and measures focusing on various aspect of personality and psychological functioning. The tests on the websites use self-report data to obtain information. While self-report data is easily obtained and is considered a reliable source of information in most circumstances, it is not without its limitations. This paper will examine the limitations of self-report data†¦show more content†¦The test consists of 70 questions; one to identify gender and the rest requiring a yes or no response. According to the website home page, â€Å"this site is an interactive community for teens and twenty-something’s†, which included various interactive elements such as polls, forums and assessments. The site emphasises that this is not a diagnostic test and that only a professional can diagnose a true personality disorder. The assessmen t was completed fully on two separate occasions and variations in the assessment are documented by date in Table 1. |Disorder |Rating | |Paranoid |Low | |Schizoid |Low | |Antisocial |Low | |Borderline |Low | |Histrionic |Low | |Narcissistic |Low | |Avoidant |Moderate24/7/11 | | |High 4/8/11 | |DependentShow MoreRelatedEssay about Limitations of Self Report Data2887 Words   |  12 PagesLimitations of Self Report Data Abstract Self-report data may be obtained from a test or an interview format of a self-report study. The format of self-report study that will be used to discuss limitations of self-report data will be a test and a personality disorder test will be used as an example. For specific example answers for the test I completed the results all rated â€Å"low† for all personality disorders. Limitations arise from decreased reliability and validity and issues with credibilityRead MoreThe Effects Of Sexual Violence On Teenage Girls Essay1279 Words   |  6 Pagesmedical advocacy, legal services, and crisis counseling, to meet the needs of immigrant adolescents experiencing sexual assault.† (Decker, Raj, Silverman, 2007). This study used a quantitative approach to research as this was just based on numerical data that was collected through small groups or done individually by participants. Quantitative analysis allows us to â€Å"to determine how thing affects another in a population.† (Faulkner Faulkner, 2016, p. 7). The type of research design that was usedRead MoreThe Use Of Peer Reported Data Is A Psychometric Tool760 Words   |  4 Pagesuse of peer reported data is a psychometric tool to gain an understanding of an individual’s â€Å"thought, feelings, motives and behaviours† (Colvin, 2009) from an outsider’s perspective. The term â€Å"peer† it often referred as people of similar age and status of the individual being reported. Furthermore, accessing peers who are familiar with the individual are best for use as they have potential seen the individual in a variety of settings and interactions to provide valuable data based on area of need;Read MoreEarly P sychological Research On Cognitive And The Nature Of Psychological Studies Essay1515 Words   |  7 Pagesto inquire about participants’ internal experiences (e.g., thoughts and emotions). Knowledge of these experiences is typically assessed via self-report questionnaires. Despite self-report being the most common method of personality assessment (Paulhus Vazire, 2007), there are frequent discussions about its limitations. To address some of these limitations, such as those outlined by Nisbett and Wilson (1977), many researchers are turning to ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Implemented withRead MoreNursing Research Papers937 Words   |  4 PagesThe research question, â€Å"How do reproductive-aged female patients, who have been diagnosed with cancer, perceive fertility preservation and self-actualization during their cancer survivorship surveillance phase?† is discussed within the above research summary table. CINAHL Complete and ProQuest research databases were used to find the four appropriate peer-reviewed academic journals analyzed in the research summary table. A useful tool to find research studies from academic journals can be found onRead MoreAcute Consumption Of Cannabis And Driving Performance1429 Words   |  6 Pages(marijuana). The report also aims to assist health care professionals discover the effects of cannabis on driving performance. I do not believe this report is biased, for the simple reason that the authors of the journal are an in- house team of clinical writers, editors, health economists and information specialists who work together with a unique network of experts in the field (Our expertise | BMJ, 2016). The authors also wrote on â€Å"risk of bias assessment† and â€Å"limitations† of the study.in theseRead MoreBinge Drinking : A Phenomenon That Is Present Among College Students867 Words   |  4 Pagesconcerns that will allow college campuses to take immediate action to address this major health concern. The data analyzed by Kelly-Weeder, (2010), demonstrates that binge drinking rates amongst the participants who took part in the study were extremely high. In addition, males seemed to report more binge drinking episodes in general. Although, the findings support that both males and females report binge eating episodes equally, women who were classified as binge drinkers, also seemed to engage more inRead MoreThe Ethics And Public Policies1233 Words   |  5 PagesWhen studying personality psychology, a researcher uses theories, methods, and relies heavily on ethics, reliability, and validity. Using the â€Å"LOTS of data† acronym, personality researchers gather information to study people. These include, L-data (life record data), O-data (observation data), T-data (Test data) and S-data (self-report data). (Cervone Pervin, 2013) Each method has strengths and weaknesses. As well as â€Å"LOTS†, researchers must form a theory to â€Å"decide what to measure and how to measureRead MoreImplementing A Centralized Data Warehouse System1705 Words   |  7 Pagesessential to align the data infrastructure of both enterprises into a centralized data warehouse system, which facilitate of managing operational system in the future. Consequently, integrating both data infrastructures of the companies has to be performed. As both companies are different in terms of a database system, size of a company, a number of customers as well as employees, firstly, we have to perform data warehouse pros and cons analysis in order to implement the data warehouse effectivelyRead MoreOnline Satisfaction Survey1277 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen conducted to examine the unique environment of online graduate education and students’ reports of satisfaction. The rationale for this study was to examine how collegiality measures practiced in these classes differ. In addition, the purpose of this study was to determine to what extent, if any, relationships exist between soc ial and cognitive presence factors and online graduate students’ reports of satisfaction for students enrolled at a Christian university in the Southeast region of the