Taking a Look at the Rwandan Genocide - 627 Words

The struggle for power and the constant tension between these two groups led to the event that would spark this genocide. It would occur at 8:30 p.m., on April 6th 1994. On this day President Juvà ©nal Habyarimana of Rwanda was returning from a summit and his plane was shot down, causing the death of everyone on board. (BBC) Hutu extremist immediately took control over the government and blamed the assassination on the Tutsi. This was the last straw for the Hutu. The killing began in Rwanda’s capital city Kigali. The slaughter was led by anti-Tutsi youth organization called Interahamwe (New York Times). Within a few days roadblocks were set up in order to check for identification. Anyone who was Tutsi was killed immediately. (History 1900’s) April 7th things escalated. Hutu extremist began purging the government of their opponents. This led to the death of both Hutu, and Tutsi people. Over the next couple days violence spread throughout Rwanda. The government had access to all the names and locations of the Tutsi. This allowed the killers to go door-to-door slaughtering the Tutsi. (National Geographic) Because bullets were quite expensive the main weapon of choice were hand weapons. Many Tutsi were tortured before killing, while others could choose to pay for bullets in order to have a swift death. While many Tutsi men were tortured before death they were not the only ones. Thousands of Tutsi women were raped then killed, or were kept as sex slaves for weeks at a time.Show MoreRelatedTaking a Look at the Rwandan Genocide1016 Words   |  4 Pagessmall group of African leaders came together and blamed other countries such as the United States and the members of the United Nation’s for not intervening on the genocide that was occurring. Others, however, stated that it was not their place to get in the middle of a civil war. Looking deeper into this matter, s ome even say that the Rwandan government shares a portion of the blame for putting the two groups, the Hutus and the Tutsis, against each other. There has been a long, thick tension betweenRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1637 Words   |  7 PagesWith over eight hundred thousand to one million deaths, the Rwandan genocide is undoubtedly one of the most sad and shocking examples of the lack of intervention by not only the US and the UN, but by other countries as well. The ongoing tensions between the Hutu, the largest population in Rwanda, and the Tutsi, the smaller and more elite population is what eventually lead to the Rwandan genocide. The killings began quickly after President Habyarimana s plane was shot down. After hundreds of thousandsRead MoreEssay on Genocide: Examples of Rowanda and Germany885 Words   |  4 Pagesdefinition, genocide is the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. The Rwandan G enocide was the 1994 mass killing of hundreds of thousands of Rwandas Tutsis and Hutu political moderates by the Hutu dominated government under the Hutu Power ideals. Hutus believed the Tutsi were taking their jobs, and that they were foreigners who had worn out their welcome (Genocide-Rwanda). In comparison to Germany, the largest genocide in history,Read MoreEssay on Rwandan Genocide: Tutsis versus Hutus1421 Words   |  6 PagesRwandan Genocide: Tutsis vs. Hutus The many tears that stream down my face cry for the generations of my kids to come. I sit here as an innocent victimized Tutsi woman, to tell you my story of the Rwandan genocide and how it impacted my people. Through many years of pain and suffering I sit here before you to relieve my anger and install my knowledge of why the Belgium through colonization only installed more love in me toward my people and hatred towards me for not being able to help my peopleRead MoreThe Documentary Ghost Of Rwanda 987 Words   |  4 PagesThe documentary â€Å"Ghost in Rwanda† illustrates the devastation of the 1994 Genocide where approximately eight hundred thousand Rwandans were exterminated by their own government. The genocide was a result of ongoing conflicts between the Hutu, the ethnic majority in Rwanda, and the Tutsi the ethnic minority. The United Nation assisted in the establishment of a peace agreement between the two warring parties and sent General Romeo Dallaire, UN Force Co mmander, to Rwanda to ensure the terms of the agreementRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1382 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"When you start to see another human being as less than you, it s a danger.†-Immaculee Ilibagiza. In 1994, a mass genocide broke out in Rwanda, a small country in Africa. The genocide occurred between the two ethnic groups where the Hutus were targeting the tutsis. The Rwandan genocide, ranking in the top five largest genocides in the world, was caused because of the resentment the hutus had towards the tutsis and was even more instigated by media and outsiders causing differences between the twoRead MoreThe Genocide : A Mass Murder Of People From A Ethnic Group1648 Words   |  7 PagesA genocide is a mass murder of people from a particular ethnic group or nation. The genocide in Rwanda seems to start when the Rwandan president Juvenal Habyarimana, a Hutu, was shot down above Kigali airport in 1994.The political and historical context was hand led passably as it showed to an extent how innocent Hutus and Tutsis were being slaughtered. It also mentioned the president being Hutu and Tutsis killed him from his plane, and how the radio announcers were calling Tutsis cockroaches andRead MoreThe Genocide Of The Rwandan Genocide2458 Words   |  10 PagesGenocide has been plaguing the world for hundreds of years. Millions of innocent lives have been taken all for the sake of prejudice. One of the most atrocious aspects of genocide is that a large percentage of them are sponsored by the state in which they are taking place. Over the years scholars have studied just what motivates a state to engage in such awful behavior. What motivates them? Why would they do such horrendous things to their own citizens? Is it solely for some economic incentive, orRead MoreAn Ordinary Man1209 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment agents, does it change how you look at the role graft plays in society? This is not just a â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no † answer. Explain your answer. No, graft will always be in a government. Whether it is a governor being tried for adultery or a president being impeached, graft is a role in every government. Without it, Rusesabagina or Schindler would not have been successful in carrying out their compromises. 5. How does Rusesabagina use the â€Å"Rwandan No† as a way to critique first his own cultureRead MoreNegative Effects Of Imperialism1139 Words   |  5 Pagesconquered in order to â€Å"civilize† them,† according to Vern Cleary, the author of â€Å"Motives of Imperialism.† During the Scramble for Africa, these ideas were very prevalent, considering the European countries felt no guilt and didn’t think twice before taking the land from the Africans. These beliefs don’t last just over night. Even after Africa was freed from Europe, people still believe that their race is superior, and these beliefs have still lasted to this day. As you can see, imperialism causes racism

High Blood Pressure And Stroke - 1136 Words

When it comes to finding the time to handle everything involved in work, family and everything else, sometimes their don t seem to be enough hours in our day. This becomes more difficult when you find yourself lacking the energy you need to get through each day. Coffee is a cheap fix that many of us use to get up and going, but there are additional steps we can take to ensure we have the physical and mental energy we need to ensure we don t neglect any important aspect of our lives. Get Enough Sleep If you find yourself not able to get everything done in your day and still have enough time for sufficient sleep, then you may need to cut back on your daily routine. Sleep is the single most fundamental requirement for having the energy we need. Chronically not getting enough of it can also lead to more serious problems. A higher risk of health problems such as heart disease, high blood pressure and stroke should be more than enough incentive to ensure we all keep this basic requirement for a healthy and long life in place. Habits to ensure you get enough sleep include having a regular bed time that you stick to and being sure to turn off all those smartphones, tablets and laptops a couple hours before going to bed. The blue light they emanate has been shown to interfere with sleep patterns. Stay Hydrated Things like getting plenty of sleep and staying hydrated may sound basic, but it s incredible how forgetful we can be about them. We are never more dehydrated thenShow MoreRelatedWhat Is A Stroke?850 Words   |  4 Pages What Is a Stroke? A Stroke feels like a brain attack and a cardiovascular disease. A stroke happens every 40 seconds and every 4 minutes someone dies from stroke. Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the U.S. stroke occurs toward the back of the brain, for instance, it s likely that some disability involving vision will result. While the least common of the two types of stroke it most often results in death. Stroke is a leading cause of death, after Heart Disease and Cancer .ThereRead MoreThe Top Three Health Risks That Affect My Family1367 Words   |  6 Pagesdisease, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Heart disease includes numerous problems, many of which are related to a process called atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a condition that develops when plaque builds up in the walls of your arteries. This plaque buildup narrows the arteries, making it harder for your blood to flow. Heart disease describes a lot of conditions that affect your heart. One that affected my family is stroke. My great grandmother had a stroke which paralyzed her. A stroke happensRead MoreThe Effects Of High Blood Pressure On The Heart1408 Words   |  6 Pages High blood pressure has many damaging effects on the heart. High blood pressure is known as a silent killer and if left untreated can cause serious damage to the heart. What causes high blood can differ from person to person. What causes this for some may be different with another. Genetics, diet, family history, weight, and use of salt are just some of the causes of high blood pressure. Some of the ways that high blood pressure damages the heart is through narrowing of the arteries in theRead MoreA Brief Note On The Accident Of Cerebrovascular Accident Essay1179 Words   |  5 PagesNiovis Monsanto Research Paper Professor Manita Pavel Bio 210-141L Stroke Cerebrovascular Accident The Cerebrovascular Accident or CVA, also known as Stroke is a disease that occurs when the brain is not receiving the blood supply it needs to survive due to clots in the arteries. The lack of blood flow in the arteries builds up an absence of oxygen, vitamins, and proteins that cause the brain cells to die. Hippocrates of Kos, also known as the â€Å"Father of Medicine† was a Greek physician that firstRead MoreThe topic assigned to me for the health paper is cerebrovascular disease, which is a stroke.1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic assigned to me for the health paper is cerebrovascular disease, which is a stroke. Cerebrovascular is really two words combined. Cerebro is the largest part in the brain and vascular is termed as veins and arteries. From those two terms, one can interpret that this disease has to deal with the blood flow that goes on in the brain. According to the Association of Neurological surgeons, cerebrovascular disease is defined as the any disorder tha t is in the brain is either permanently or temporarilyRead MoreInformative Speech : Strokes Of Young Adults1239 Words   |  5 PagesDanielle Sinquefield Informative Outline Topic: Strokes in Young Adults General Purpose To Inform Specific Purpose: To educate my audience on the causes, symptoms, and preventive measures of strokes in young adults. Thesis: Strokes are commonly associated with old age, symptoms and awareness are often unnoticed in young adults due to ambiguity about strokes. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: As young adults, many of us may feel immune from ailments typically associated with theRead MoreTypes Of Stroke Ischemic Stroke And Ischemic Attack1271 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Stroke also known as cerebral vascular accident (CVA) is a medical emergency, responsible for a large amount of death in United States. Stroke is classified as the fourth leading cause of the death in the United States. There are three different types of stroke ischemic stroke,uv hemorrhagic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Strokes compare to any other diseases is one of the most common cause of adult disability in the United States. Learning about stroke can help you to act fastRead MoreStroke935 Words   |  4 PagesStroke Definition: A stroke is the sudden death of the cells in a specific area of the brain caused by inadequate blood flow. Another name for it is cerebral vascular accident (CVA). A stroke is also called a brain attack. Description: A stroke occurs when an artery bursts or becomes closed when a blood clot lodges in it and blood flow is interrupted to that part of the brain. Blood circulating to that area of the brain served by the artery stops at the point of rupture, and the brain tissueRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Hypertension Essay1692 Words   |  7 Pagesdisease on the U.S population. According to the blood pressure in the assessment, M.K. has stage one hypertension. It was noted that she is currently being prescribed Lasix and Lotensin to help with her high blood pressure. Lotensin, also known as Benazepril, is an ACE-inhibitor, or angiotensin-coverting enzyme inhibitor. These types of drugs play an important role in the RAAS (which stands for renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system). Arterial blood pressure is regulated and accomplished through neuralRead MoreStroke963 Words   |  4 Pagesthree types of strokes that cause changes to the brain: Hemorrhagic stroke,Intracerebral hemorrhage and Transient ischemic attack (TIA). Ischemic stroke is the most common form of stroke, accounting for around 87% of strokes. Strokes are the 5th leading cause of death in the US, with one person dying every 4 minutes as a result. For African Americans, stoke is the 3rd leading cause of death.(http://www.cdc.gov/stroke/facts.htm) It is estimated that About 795,000 people have a stroke each year; about

21st Century man is no more knowledgeable than his 19th Century predecessor he simply thinks he is Free Essays

To answer this question entirely and accurately it is necessary to define quite what we mean by knowledge. Knowledge is the state or fact of knowing; the familiarity, understanding or awareness gained through experience or study; the sum or range of what has been perceived, studied or learned; learning, erudition: teachers of great knowledge or specific information about someone. This question needs to be answered before we can say whether a layman has become more knowledgeable since the 19th century or not. We will write a custom essay sample on 21st Century man is no more knowledgeable than his 19th Century predecessor: he simply thinks he is or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will focus on the first definition that states, â€Å"Knowledge is the state or fact of knowing. † A man’s knowledge consists of facts and we cannot say whether these so-called facts are true because if somebody tells us something we merely take it for granted that it is the truth. We can mainly tell what the macroscopic properties of something are i. . if someone confronted us with a red baseball bat we would be able to see that it was red and metallic looking and nobody would be able to disprove these facts. If we looked at the baseball bat closer though, going into the realms of science and the theories surrounding it and somebody said that the rod was steel and the atomic structure of steel was such and such and the properties of it were such and such we wouldn’t be able to see these things in reality. What we are taught in schools and elsewhere is basically the thoughts of other supposedly clever men and women and we cannot that they are true – to be very honest we cannot prove that anything is true not even that the world we live in is real and that we actually exist as people. An instance of everyone believing the words of some supposedly clever men is when before the time of Galileo (who proved this to be utter rubbish) it was widely believed that the world was flat and anyone who disagreed with this was joshed and laughed at, as everyone knew that the fact was that the earth was flat. This leads to my belief that in years to come things that we take for granted such as that we have landed on the moon will be proved to be complete rubbish and an immense cover-up by an embarrassed nation who could give its people what they wanted and so had to trick them into believing about space flight. From this we discover that knowledge is purely subjective and could not be any other way. Our knowledge of science or at least our layman’s grasp of it is in fact a jumble of half-remembered â€Å"facts† which we regurgitate when necessary. My view at the moment would be that a layman in the 21st century does know more a bout science than his predecessor in the 19th century. In the 19th century education was neither compulsory nor state-funded as it is today and so only the rich would have the benefit of a sound education and they could not be counted as lay. Even if they could be counted as lay though due to the fact that there has apparently been extremely large amounts of scientific discoveries made, such as that of electricity, between the 19th century and the present day. Other resources such as the media and the internet help to make information more widely available to us today and these certainly wouldn’t have been available or even existed in the 19th century. Every bit of this contributes to our so-called knowledge making us a more knowledgeable human being. We at Winchester College are in a slightly different situation to the your Joe Public on the street but even we have no idea what Phenyl Cyclo Hexyl Hyperidine (otherwise known as PCP) actually is. Now we ask ourselves do the scientists who do these things actually know that they are true or are they merely making educated guesses about them. They don’t; they merely speculate and that is the most that anyone can do. The fact that these scientists are always improving their theories suggests even more so that they are speculatory, as a fact cannot be changed in such a way by definition. The only thing that can be said to be a fact upon this apparently realistic earth, actually a simulation, is the Ultimate fact – that God exists. Unfortunately this is only the Ultimate fact to those who believe in God so even this can be argued against. Humans, at least in my knowledge, has not evolved at all since the 19th century thus our brains have no more capacity for extra knowledge, merely that we have extra information crammed into our head due to the fact that information is more readily available to us, rather than actually having more knowledge than we did in the 19th century. We could thus be called more knowledgeable but we don’t even know whether this so-called information is actually true or not. How to cite 21st Century man is no more knowledgeable than his 19th Century predecessor: he simply thinks he is, Papers

King Zheng of Qin against Confucianism-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Important Issue in traditional Asian history, covering China, Korea and Japan. Answer: In the essay, the history of the Asian countries is analyzed in the purview of their effect on the future. The country chosen for this assignment is China and the history of China is analyzed. The effect of the different events occurring in the history of the country has a great influence on the future instances. China is one of the countries, which has been the seat of early civilization and has a rich cultural history. The oriental countries have a culture and tradition, which are different from the western world (Zhang, 2015). The effect of an individual ancient event on this culture and the cultural diversity is the topic of discussion in this essay. In this essay, the topic of choice is the rule of King Zheng of Qin Shi Huangdi and the effect of his rule on the history of China (Berit Strandskogen 2015). This paper will demonstrate that the event of book burning and the burying of Confucians in the rule of King Zheng of Qin Shi Huangdi greatly affected the history of the coun try and the effects of Shi Huangdis administration. King Zheng of Qin Shi Huangdi, often regarded as the first emperor in the world ruled China between 221-210 BCE and is known for his advocacy of feudalism (Cotterell, 2014). The king ascended the throne in 221 BCE at an early age of 13 and became the first emperor of Unified China. He brought the whole country under his rule by winning against the Warring States of China. He destroyed the walls fortifying the borders of the different states of the tribes and from their ruins; the construction of the Great Wall of China began (Williams, 2015). The rule of King Shi Huangdi brought a drastic change in the working of the Chinese feudalism. One of the major events in the history of China was the burning of book and the burying of philosophers, which took place between 213 and 210 BCE. This caused a great loss to the study of ancient china as most of the documents containing the history of China were destroyed because of this (Fang, 2015). The main reason for the event of the destroying o f books and the burying of the philosophers of the country was the advice of Li Si the advisor of Emperor Zheng. The main reason for the burning of books was to avoid any comparison of Shi Huangdis rule and policies with the older rulers. Contrary, to the belief all the texts were not burned. The texts that were to be submitted to the governor by the common people included the poems of Shih, the Classics of History or the works of Hundred philosophers. The books were to be kept only by academicians who had the duty of keeping the books (Pines, 2016). To avoid the dissatisfaction of the people from the present scenario the documents were destroyed under the rule of the king (Dolce, 2014). The books on the topics of music, astrology and medicine were exempt from this rule of the emperor. During his long rule, the emperor had the incessant dream of a long and eternal life for which he took the help of two alchemists. Their failure in doing so agitated the emperor to the point that he ordered the execution of 460 alchemists in the kingdom (Fukuyama, 2016). He also killed anyone who wanted to save or preserve the books he ordered to be burned. He was against the Confucian philosophy, which made him kill a number of Confucian monks, which greatly threatened the philosophy. This caused a great furor in his empire but they were tyrannically subdued (Huang-Ti, 2015). The mass killing is greatly criticized by the contemporary historians and philosophers. The rule of King Shi Huangdi greatly changes the dynamics of the Chinese history as much of the historical data about its rich cultural heritage was lost and there are no credible sources of Chinese history today (Hou, 2015). The tyrannical action of the Emperor had a great effect on the society culture and the history of the country. The information that can be gathered from the action of the king varies from tyranny to the society of China during his rule (Kulmar, 2014). Firstly, from the action it can be deduced that the rule was tyrannical with no freedom to criticize any government policies. The policies of the king included the unifying of China by bringing the territories under his control. He ruled by brute force punishing anyone who tried to criticize him or stood against his policies. Secondly, he took the right of the hierarchical rule of the governors and took upon himself the sole right to change and appoint governors (Kulmar, 2014). Thirdly, he wanted an imperial rule to last for a long time for which he even tried to increase his own life with the help of alchemists. The emperor was greatly influenced by the ideal of creating a large empire extending throughout China. His administration greatly revolutionized Chinas history and brought about a number of changes in the country. Under his rule, the language of China developed and a common language was accepted in the empire. In his rule, he greatly improved the canal system for an easier transportation of vessels in China. Before the rule of Shi Huangdi, china had no currency; he introduced a common currency throughout China. The building of the Great Wall of China to keep vandals out of his country was a great stem in consolidating the country, which was completed in later fourteenth century by the Ming dynasty (Williams, 2015). He wanted to keep a complete control on the functioning of the organization. Shi Huangdi introduced a common coinage system in the whole of China so that there are no currency discrepancies. During the assessment of the rule of King Shi Huangdi, there are various topics to be focused on to show the effect of his rule on the history of China. His administrative measures were an able on to manage a huge empire but the tyrannical enforcement angered people against him. The coinage and the canal system greatly helped in the unification of the empire. The empire under the rule of King Shi Huangdi was a vast empire and the lack of diversity in his approach enraged the local population. The burning of the books was an incident, which tainted his fame not only during his time but also throughout history. The rule of Shi Huangdi brought a change in the administration and overall culture of the country as it united the whole of china under a rule with a common language, set of laws and currency. The rule would have lasted longer and would have been more counter-productive for his dynasty had he refrained from tyranny. The major point for which the rule of Shi Huangdi is to be remembered is the burning of books and the killing of philosophers and the alchemists who wanted to save them. The burning of the books caused a great part of ancient history to be lost in time. The killing of the monks greatly threatened the philosophy and had the later Han dynasty not revived it. Shi Huangdi was even criticized by his son Fusu for killing the Confucians as it caused widespread hatred against the emperor. The loss of the learning in the empire due to the burning of the books and killing of the monks greatly contributed to fall of the dynasty. There were a number of reasons for the downfall of the Qin dynasty, which in spite of uniting the whole of China could not rule for long (Zaharia, et al., 2014). Firstly, the tyrannical policies of Shi Huangdi greatly agitated the locals and farmer against him. Secondly, the burning of the books greatly harmed the reputation of the king and brought about the end to the dynasty. Thirdly, the emperors stance against the governors caused him the loss of support in times of need. Fourthly, the killing of the Confucian monks greatly agitated the people of the empire against him causing intolerance against his reign in the empire. Though he is greatly hated, some historians argued that he might be portrayed in the wrong light by the later Confucians. It is argued that since he was against their philosophy and took strict action against them, the later Confucians showed him more tyrannical than he really was. Thus, in the essay the growth and development of the culture of China is seen under the rule of Shi Huangdi. He was and able warrior and an administrator who built and managed the great empire long before the Roman Empire making him the first emperor of the world. His stance against the philosophers and the books of ancient civilization greatly maligned his image. He was an able planner, which was evident from his idea of unifying language, coinage system and building transport canals throughout the country. He also foresaw foreign threats and laid foundation of the Great Wall. Despite his various administrative achievement he was a tyrant ruling with brute force and will be remembered for the loss of culture he caused by the burning of books. References Berit, A., Strandskogen, R. (2015). Lifelines in World History:" The Ancient World"," The Medieval World"," The Early Modern World"," The Modern World". Routledge. Cotterell, A. (2014). A History of South East Asia. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. Dolce, J. (2014). Free speech and the skokie case. Quadrant, 58(7/8), 32. Fang, X. (2015). Burning Books and Burying Scholars: On the Policies of the Short-lived Qin Dynasty in Ancient China (221-207 BC). International journal of liberal arts and social science, 3(7), 54-61. Fukuyama, F. (2016). Reflections on Chinese governance. Journal of Chinese Governance, 1(3), 379-391. Hou, R. (2015). The Ancient Great Wall in a New Era. In Symposium on Chinese Historical Geography (pp. 107-109). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Huang-Ti, S. (2015). Shi Huangdi (Qin Shi Huangdi. Lifelines in World History:" The Ancient World"," The Medieval World"," The Early Modern World"," The Modern World", 93. Kulmar, T. (2014). ON THE NATURE OF THE GOVERNING SYSTEM OF THE QIN EMPIRE IN ANCIENT CHINA. Folklore-Electronic Journal of Folklore, (59), 165-178. Pines, Y. (2016). China, imperial: 1. Qin dynasty, 221207 bce. The Encyclopedia of Empire. Williams, K. D. (2015). History 126 August 27, 2015 Cultural, social, and political consequences of the unification of China. China was unified in 221 BCE for the first time in many centuries after. Zaharia, D., St?nculescu, E., Mihu?-Bohl?ea, F., Lung, E. G. (2014). Great Reformers: Psychological Analysis Of Their Personality Justinian, Julius Caesar And Shi Huangdi. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 140, 212-220. Zhang, Q. (2015). An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture. Springer. Fenby, J. (2008).China's imperial dynasties: 1600 BC-AD 1912. Metro Books. Kinoshita, H. (2007). THE FIRST EMPEROR: CHINA'S TERRACOTTA ARMY: Exhibition at the British Museum, 13 September 20076 April 2008.Asian Affairs,38(3), 371-376. Miller, M., Veatch, N. (2010). Teaching literacy in context: Choosing and using instructional strategies. The Reading Teacher, 64(3), 154-165. Rawson, J. (Ed.). (1996). Mysteries of ancient China: new discoveries from the early dynasties. George Braziller.